Locus Journal of Academic Literature Review

Criminal and Civil Liability for Refusing Emergency Medical Care in Indonesia: A Systematic Review

Irene Ratridewi, Tongat Tongat — Wed, 21 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Refusal or delay of emergency medical care raises questions about professional and institutional responsibility under Indonesian criminal and civil law. This systematic literature review, with acknowledged gaps in the original search documentation, maps legal duties, liability regimes, and operational barriers reported in Indonesian and comparative scholarship. The source retrieval, conducted through Elicit using Semantic Scholar and OpenAlex materials, reported 5,000 records and 59 included studies: 27 examined in full text and 32 assessed from abstracts only. A qualitative thematic synthesis identifies emergency-assistance duties, criminal prohibitions, civil remedies, professional and hospital accountability, emergency consent, insurance administration, and resource constraints. The synthesis distinguishes criminal and civil legal pathways from the separate allocation of responsibility between clinicians and facilities. It identifies tensions between formal duties of emergency assistance and institutional conditions affecting timely care, without inferring the prevalence of unlawful refusals or causation from secondary sources. Search dates, reproducible query strings, independent screening, and formal critical appraisal were not documented in the original research record. Accordingly, findings are interpreted as transparent evidence mapping rather than a fully reproducible systematic review. The article proposes a two-axis accountability framework to guide further doctrinal verification and policy research.

The Role of Curcumin in Reducing Antituberculosis Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity: A Literature Review

Wed, 21 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Antituberculosis drug-associated liver injury may interrupt tuberculosis treatment. This structured narrative review examines curcumin as a potential hepatoprotective adjunct while distinguishing mechanistic findings from evidence of clinical benefit. Four focal publications were identified in the documented literature review: one retrospective observational study of Curcuma-tablet use and three secondary reviews. Two underlying experimental reports were additionally traced to clarify the mechanisms discussed in those reviews; they were not counted as independently screened publications. Preclinical findings suggest modulation of oxidative stress and apoptosis, protoporphyrin IX and ferrochelatase, and SIRT1/PGC-1α/NRF1 signaling. A retrospective study involving 60 patients reported lower mean AST, ALT, and bilirubin values associated with a Curcuma preparation, but its design and incompletely characterized formulation do not establish a curcumin-specific treatment effect. Interpretation is limited by overlapping reviews, preclinical evidence, and sparse human data. Curcumin remains a research candidate rather than an established intervention for antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Controlled clinical studies are needed to determine efficacy, dosage, formulation, safety, and potential drug interactions.

Agricultural Workforce Transformation in Indonesia: Emerging Competency Requirements for Sustainable and Smart Agriculture

Dyah Ayu Suryaningrum — Wed, 21 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Indonesia’s agricultural workforce faces intersecting demographic, technological, and sustainability transitions, but their implications for competency development remain dispersed across disciplines. This scoping review maps Indonesian evidence published between 2016 and 2026, using a documented Scopus search complemented by semantic literature discovery using Elicit and reporting study selection with PRISMA-ScR. Forty-six studies were included in descriptive evidence mapping and thematic synthesis, with VOSviewer term co-occurrence analysis as a supplementary descriptive tool. The literature describes ageing, limited youth entry, labour reallocation, mechanisation, and digitalisation. In combination, these trends point to six interconnected competency domains: technical-production, digital-technological, managerial-entrepreneurial, social-communication, adaptive-problem-solving, and environmental or green capabilities. Readiness to apply them also depends on education, extension, infrastructure, finance, farmer organisations, and policy support. The integrated framework proposed here organises these relationships but has not been independently validated. The review is limited by heterogeneity among included designs, incomplete provenance of some screening and network-analysis details, and the predominantly descriptive nature of the evidence. Integrated competency development and enabling institutions are therefore plausible priorities for further research and context-specific workforce policy.

Prison Life Adaptation and Social Reintegration at Wonogiri Class IIB Correctional Institution

Galang Cakra Buana, Denny Nazaria Rifani, Novia Christine Feoh — Wed, 21 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines patterns of incarcerated individuals’ everyday adaptation at Wonogiri Class IIB Correctional Institution, the internal and external conditions shaping those patterns, and their implications for preparedness for social reintegration. The qualitative descriptive research account refers to observations, interviews with incarcerated individuals and correctional personnel, and documentary materials. Three interconnected phases are identified: initial orientation through the Mapenaling programme, adjustment to institutional routines, and integration into inmate social networks. Adaptation is interpreted through sentence duration, psychological motivation, living conditions, officer–inmate relationships, family contact, and locally situated values of social harmony. Three interpretive patterns—active–productive, passive–conformist, and deviant–subcultural—indicate potentially different reintegration needs. Vocational and personal-development activities may support preparedness, but no post-release follow-up data establish actual outcomes or causality. The findings underscore the importance of rights-respecting correctional management, meaningful rehabilitation opportunities, and continuity of community support.

Consumer Protection in Online Sales under Indonesian Civil Contract Law

Wed, 21 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the validity of online sales agreements and the remedies available to consumers when sellers fail to perform contractual obligations under Indonesian law. Employing normative legal research through statutory and conceptual approaches, it reads the Civil Code together with consumer-protection and electronic-transaction legislation. It distinguishes electronic product information, offers, orders, and legally effective acceptance; explains the conditions for default, performance, compensation, and termination; and differentiates marketplace complaint procedures from statutory dispute-resolution mechanisms. The analysis finds that electronic transactions may give rise to binding contracts when substantive validity requirements are fulfilled, while consumer-specific protections supplement rather than displace the general law of obligations. Statutory compensation timelines and BPSK procedural stages must be applied according to their specific legal conditions. The central contribution is a sequential doctrinal framework connecting formation, breach, redress, and forum selection. Because the study does not examine actual case outcomes, it does not determine the empirical effectiveness of those remedies.

Students’ Legal Awareness of Breach-of-Contract Risks in Informal Loans of Goods

Wed, 21 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Informal lending of personal goods among university students relies on trust but can create disputes over damage, late return, and unfulfilled obligations. This study examines students’ self-reported legal awareness of potential breach-of-contract risks in these arrangements. A descriptive quantitative survey using Google Forms reports responses from 16 students. Frequencies and percentages are interpreted alongside Indonesian contract law and legal-consciousness scholarship. Nine respondents (56.3%) reported relying on verbal agreements, while three (18.8%) reported no specific agreement. Fourteen (87.5%) reported encountering at least one borrowing-related problem. Eight respondents (50.0%) said they knew that such disputes might involve breach of contract; the remainder expressed uncertainty or a lack of knowledge. Fourteen (87.5%) preferred deliberation or amicable settlement. The findings indicate variation between informal borrowing practices, self-reported legal knowledge, and expectations of responsibility. The small sample, unverified recruitment details, and unavailable response-scale anchors preclude population-level and causal inferences. Contextual legal-literacy initiatives addressing agreements, evidence, care of borrowed property, and dispute resolution may be useful.

Validity of the AFPI Code of Conduct under Contract and Competition Law

Hafish Habibillah Fauzi — Wed, 21 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

AFPI's association-wide ceiling on online-lending charges raises a difficult question at the intersection of contract and competition law. This normative legal study examines whether the AFPI Code of Conduct creates valid private-law obligations and when its lending-rate provision may constitute a prohibited horizontal price-fixing agreement. Using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, it examines Articles 1320 and 1337 of the Indonesian Civil Code, Articles 1(7), 5(1), 5(2)(b) and 50(a) of Law No. 5 of 1999, AFPI instruments issued in 2021 and 2023, OJK regulation and KPPU Decision No. 05/KPPU-I/2025. The analysis distinguishes association-member obligations from agreements among competitors, and the validity of an association instrument from that of an individual pricing clause. A common maximum rate may become a coordinating reference point even without identical final prices, but regulatory compliance must be distinguished from independent competitor coordination. OJK's reported direction does not, by itself, establish the availability of statutory exemptions. The article proposes a sequential assessment of organisational authority, horizontal commitment, competitive pricing content, statutory mandate and legal consequences. This approach protects the distinct functions of consumer protection and competition law.

Digital Ischemia and Gangrene in Neonates and Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review

Panji Sananta, Andika Ghifari — Wed, 21 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Digital ischemia and gangrene in neonates and infants born preterm are rarely described, with evidence largely confined to case reports. Objective: To summarize reported clinical circumstances and distinguish preterm-specific observations from those involving term newborns. The review reported searching six information sources for publications from 2013 to 2023. The reported selection process identified 201 records, removed 27 duplicates, screened 174 records, assessed 85 full texts, and included five publications. We examined gestational age, age at presentation, anatomical site, clinical context, and outcomes. Two reports described extremely preterm neonates with catheter-associated ischemia, and one described a former preterm infant presenting later in infancy with sepsis-associated digital ischemia. Two additional reports involved term newborns, one with sepsis-associated digital gangrene and the other with dehydration, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and gangrene. The cases reflect heterogeneous clinical circumstances rather than a single established etiology. Causal inference and risk estimation are not possible from the available case-based evidence; incomplete historical search documentation further limits reproducibility.